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Depression
Sadness is an abstract concept designed to communicate a common human experience associated with grief and loss. I believe sadness is an emotion that is a critical component of a productive grief process that helps us survive and adapt to major loss. Sadness is normal and healthy. Major Depression may include sadness, maybe associated with loss, but it is a clinical syndrome that includes significant functional impairment, a loss of survival skills.
A person who is suffering from Major Depressive Disorder has disrupted sleep and appetite, motivation is profoundly suppressed, and fatigue dominates. Thoughts circle a central theme: there is no hope, no way to help, and no point in continuing. The risk of suicide needs to be monitored.
Sadness is an emotional motivation that ENHANCES survival drives us to review our loss, find new meaning and purpose, and ultimately find wisdom that enhances survival.
Dispelling 5 common myths about depression
This article is a press release from Katherine L. Cruise, Director of Communications and Marketing, Screening for Mental Health, Inc. There is more on depression here. Assess your risk at www.HelpYourselfHelpOthers.org There are more than 19 million adults in the … Continue reading →
Mindfulness – Emotional Intelligence for Personal Growth Part II
This is the second in a series of articles on emotional intelligence for personal growth. The first part is here. Mindfulness is a non-judgmental, present-centered awareness in which each thought, feeling, or sensation that arises is acknowledged and accepted as … Continue reading →
Generics versus Brands: Are They Really the Same?
This is a topic that gets scant attention leaving the consuming public largely in the dark. Even though I work in the field, I’ve not hear this information except from my own reading. Fortunately, SSRIs are not as susceptible to … Continue reading →
Biochemical Roots of Depression Challenged
Image via Wikipedia Not surprisingly,the biochemical theory regarding “chemical imbalance” is under attack again. The theory has always been an oversimplification of actual research data. All the research has said is that (1) anti-depressants have worked on average slightly better … Continue reading →
Is There a Place for Emotion in Cognitive Theory?
Aaron Beck, considered the Father of Cognitive Therapy, is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus at the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He is President of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research that is … Continue reading →
Suicidal Thoughts More Common Than Believed Among College Students
Image via Wikipedia Hat tip to Psych Central for an report on a higher than expected prevalence of suicidal thoughts among college students. Researchers surveyed 26,000 students across 70 colleges and universities. Half reported having at least one episode of … Continue reading →
Is Depressed the Same as Sad?
Image via Wikipedia Horwitz and Wakefield (2007) have released what may prove to be a highly influencial book titled The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow Into Depressive Disorder. The title implies that psychiatry transformed sadness into depression. … Continue reading →
DEPRESSION: Out of the Shadows
This looks like a good one. I’m going to watch for sure. You can even buy the DVD now. “DEPRESSION: Out of the Shadows is a 90-minute documentary about recognizing, treating, and researching depression. DEPRESSION: Out of the Shadows . … Continue reading →
Secret Shame Contributes to Chronic Depression
Shame has been a particular interest for me. It has appeared repeatedly as a major barrier in therapy, especially in those for whom therapy has failed in the past. It takes a lot of courage to re-enter therapy after feeling … Continue reading →
The Role of Shame in Therapy
BPS RESEARCH DIGEST reviews recent research articles in professional journals. It’s a good place to try to keep up with the literature. It has been a pleasant surprise indeed that many psychodynamic principles have recently demonstrated in research. Unconscious motivations, … Continue reading →
Surviving the Holiday Blues
Category: Depression
Created on Tuesday, 15 July 2014 19:10
Written by David Earl Johnson, MSW, LICSW
Hits: 703
The holiday season is such a joyous time of year. Colored lights adorn houses and business. Thoughts of holidays past fill our minds and conversations. But not everyone can enjoy the holiday season. Some of us inevitably find as the holidays approach what is called the "holiday blues". The holiday blues are quite common. We expect to enjoy ourselves during the holidays. Those around us expect we will enjoy holiday celebrations and their company as well. We feel that pressure within ourselves and others. But sometimes what we really need is acceptance of ourselves and others.
Read more: Surviving the Holiday Blues
Is Depressed the Same as Sad?
Category: Depression
Created on Sunday, 21 September 2014 18:09
Written by David Earl Johnson, MSW, LICSW
Hits: 73
Horwitz and Wakefield (2007) have released what may prove to be a highly influencial book titled The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow Into Depressive Disorder. The title implies that psychiatry transformed sadness into depression. It's an unfortunate catchy title that misleads the uninformed reader. Instead, the book explores in a scholarly way a fundamental principle upon which The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) was developed. A review of Horwitz and Wakefield (2007) by Andreea L. Seritan appeared in Am J Psychiatry 164 (11): 1764.
"The central thesis of this book is a persuasive argument that contemporary psychiatry confuses normal sadness with depressive mental disorder because it ignores the relationship between symptoms and the context from which they emerge. Although he remains cautious about the possibility of incorporating situational context into diagnostic criteria, Dr. Spitzer encourages psychiatrists to place this issue on the agenda for the upcoming formulation of DSM-V. The book's title is a reminder of the central role of loss as a potentially severe life stressor leading to depression, as well as of how modern psychiatry is being blindsided into extrapolating most states of sadness into depression.
In the first chapter, "The Concept of Depression," Drs. Horwitz and Wakefield address the move toward using descriptive criteria in diagnosing mental illness. In response to criticisms during the 1960s and 1970s about the lack of reliability of psychiatric diagnoses, DSM-III started using lists of symptoms to establish clear definitions for each disorder. The authors argue that this approach, while greatly increasing diagnostic reliability, has created new validity problems (p. 8). In the definition of major depressive disorder, DSM-III "fails to take into account the context of the symptoms and thus fails to exclude from the disorder category intense sadness, other than in reaction to death of a loved one, that arises from the way human beings naturally respond to major losses" (p. 14).
Chapter 2, "The Anatomy of Normal Sadness," discusses biologically based nonverbal expressions of grief, with emphasis on their universality across cultures and their presence in nonhuman primates and human infants prior to socialization into cultural emotional scripts (p. 39). Besides grief at the loss of a loved one, loss of meaningful relationships, loss of job or status, chronic stress, and disasters are listed as additional factors to be taken into account.
Chapters 3 and 4, "Sadness With and Without Cause" and "Depression in the Twentieth Century" are a historical review of descriptions of depressive states from ancient times to the present. Disordered sadness is considered "without cause" (or "endogenous" in later terminology), as opposed to sadness "with cause" (or "reactive" sadness), which arises in people who suffer losses. Robert Burton's classic work The Anatomy of Melancholy, published in 1621, was the first to describe the three major components of depression--mood, cognition, and physical symptoms--that are still viewed as its distinguishing features. In his seminal paper Mourning and Melancholia (1917), Freud made the same distinction between mourning due to conscious losses and melancholia due to the experience of unconscious losses. DSM-III eliminated psychodynamic etiologies, instead focusing on symptoms. In large epidemiological studies, such as the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study in the early 1980s, diagnosis was based on structured tools administered by trained nonpsychiatric interviewers. The authors argue that prevalence data was skewed and advocate for a more specific screening process, as well as careful use of subthreshold diagnoses, such as minor depression. Thoroughly documented, the first chapters caution readers about the limitations of psychiatric diagnosis. However, momentum is lost in the second half of the book.
Chapter 7, "The Surveillance of Sadness," makes assumptions about psychiatric treatment that are not supported by the literature. For example, it is suggested that in primary care, "diagnosis of a depressive disorder tends to quickly foreclose...discussions in the direction of medication" (p. 156). The recent avalanche of data from the Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) study suggests not only that depressed primary care patients prefer psychotherapy to medication when offered (1) but that therapy is successfully delivered in this setting, along with pharmacologic management (2).
In Chapter 8, "The DSM and Biological Research About Depression," the authors again overreach, selectively analyzing individual cardinal papers and doubting their "range of applicability" without turning to the multiple evidence- based studies available in the literature (p. 176). Although a poignant reflection on how the misapplication of psychiatric knowledge can decontextualize the lives of its patients, this book seems to miss the point that psychiatric care is a great deal more than diagnostic labeling. In practice, mental health professionals who do not rely exclusively on DSM-IV-TR use biopsychosocial formulations, viewing the individual in his or her context. Thus for many psychiatrists, treatment planning is informed by this comprehensive understanding of the person, and not solely by the description and duration of their symptoms."
Seritan has a point that many clinicians do not rely exclusively on the DSM for diagnosis. However, the classification model considered the gold standard for diagnosis DOES decontextualize diagnosis. That is a concern for training and continuing education. Given all the incentives in practice to base treatment on measurable criteria from malpractice claims, insurance payors and accreditation agencies, its very easy to slip into a comfortable criteria based practice that requires little emotional investment. Mulder wrote an article on an even more important point about diagnosis, titled An epidemic of depression or the medicalization of distress in Perspect Biol Med. 2008 Spring;51(2):238-50.
"The syndrome of major depression is widely regarded as a specific mental illness that has increased to the point where it will be second in the International Burden of Disease ranking by 2020. This article examines the assumption that major depression is a specific illness, that it is rapidly increasing, and that a medical response is justified. I argue that major depression is not a natural entity and does not identify a homogenous group of patients. The apparent increase in major depression results from: confusing those who are ill with those who share their symptoms; the surveying of symptoms out of context; the benefits that accrue from such a diagnosis to drug companies, researchers, and clinicians; and changing social constructions around sadness and distress. Standardized medical treatment of all these individuals is neither possible nor desirable. The major depression category should be replaced by a clinical staging strategy that acknowledges the continuous distribution of depressive symptoms. Trials that test social and lifestyle treatments as well as drugs and cognitive behavioral therapy across different levels of severity, chronicity, and symptom patterns might lead to the development of a coherent evidence-based stepped treatment model."
Mulder's point is that diagnosis is a academic exercise designed to communicate a cluster of symptoms among professional colleagues. It's a model of communication. The syndromes described have acquired meaning well beyond communication. Diagnostic labels have been elevated from theoretical constructs into real phenomena. Major depression includes a cluster of symptoms that is shared by many people who are not depressed. Wade Schuetteexpresses the apparent paradox of diagnosis as a prerequisite for treatment.
"If depression is largely an internal phenomenon, caused by genetics and bad wiring in the brain, that leads to one type of intervention - drugs and CBT. If depression is largely a social phenomenon, related to the well-documented collapse in social interaction documented by Putnam and the group at Duke, then personal intervention will simply deal with symptoms, and result in an ever growing prevalence of drug-dependent victims of social dysfunction - precisely the observation we find about the USA today."
The truth is all of these viewpoints have merit. Major Depression can be conceptualized and described in many ways, none of which are sufficient to explain the phenomena without considering all other viewpoints. Diagnostic categories are scientific models for communication. They are not readily amenable to measurable criteria because the concepts are complex and largely abstract constructs that fit a theory.
Sadness is an abstract concept designed to communicate a common human experience associated with grief and loss. I believe sadness is an emotion that is a critical component of a productive grief process that helps us survive and adapt to major loss. Sadness is normal and healthy. Major Depression may include sadness, maybe associated with loss, but it is a clinical syndrome that includes significant functional impairment, a loss of survival skills. Sadness is an emotional motivation that ENHANCES survival.
Parenting | Get Help Now! | Services | Blog
Depression
Sadness is an abstract concept designed to communicate a common human experience associated with grief and loss. I believe sadness is an emotion that is a critical component of a productive grief process that helps us survive and adapt to major loss. Sadness is normal and healthy. Major Depression may include sadness, maybe associated with loss, but it is a clinical syndrome that includes significant functional impairment, a loss of survival skills.
A person who is suffering from Major Depressive Disorder has disrupted sleep and appetite, motivation is profoundly suppressed, and fatigue dominates. Thoughts circle a central theme: there is no hope, no way to help, and no point in continuing. The risk of suicide needs to be monitored.
Sadness is an emotional motivation that ENHANCES survival drives us to review our loss, find new meaning and purpose, and ultimately find wisdom that enhances survival.
Dispelling 5 common myths about depression
This article is a press release from Katherine L. Cruise, Director of Communications and Marketing, Screening for Mental Health, Inc. There is more on depression here. Assess your risk at www.HelpYourselfHelpOthers.org There are more than 19 million adults in the … Continue reading →
Mindfulness – Emotional Intelligence for Personal Growth Part II
This is the second in a series of articles on emotional intelligence for personal growth. The first part is here. Mindfulness is a non-judgmental, present-centered awareness in which each thought, feeling, or sensation that arises is acknowledged and accepted as … Continue reading →
Generics versus Brands: Are They Really the Same?
This is a topic that gets scant attention leaving the consuming public largely in the dark. Even though I work in the field, I’ve not hear this information except from my own reading. Fortunately, SSRIs are not as susceptible to … Continue reading →
Biochemical Roots of Depression Challenged
Image via Wikipedia Not surprisingly,the biochemical theory regarding “chemical imbalance” is under attack again. The theory has always been an oversimplification of actual research data. All the research has said is that (1) anti-depressants have worked on average slightly better … Continue reading →
Is There a Place for Emotion in Cognitive Theory?
Aaron Beck, considered the Father of Cognitive Therapy, is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus at the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He is President of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research that is … Continue reading →
Suicidal Thoughts More Common Than Believed Among College Students
Image via Wikipedia Hat tip to Psych Central for an report on a higher than expected prevalence of suicidal thoughts among college students. Researchers surveyed 26,000 students across 70 colleges and universities. Half reported having at least one episode of … Continue reading →
Is Depressed the Same as Sad?
Image via Wikipedia Horwitz and Wakefield (2007) have released what may prove to be a highly influencial book titled The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow Into Depressive Disorder. The title implies that psychiatry transformed sadness into depression. … Continue reading →
DEPRESSION: Out of the Shadows
This looks like a good one. I’m going to watch for sure. You can even buy the DVD now. “DEPRESSION: Out of the Shadows is a 90-minute documentary about recognizing, treating, and researching depression. DEPRESSION: Out of the Shadows . … Continue reading →
Secret Shame Contributes to Chronic Depression
Shame has been a particular interest for me. It has appeared repeatedly as a major barrier in therapy, especially in those for whom therapy has failed in the past. It takes a lot of courage to re-enter therapy after feeling … Continue reading →
The Role of Shame in Therapy
BPS RESEARCH DIGEST reviews recent research articles in professional journals. It’s a good place to try to keep up with the literature. It has been a pleasant surprise indeed that many psychodynamic principles have recently demonstrated in research. Unconscious motivations, … Continue reading →
Surviving the Holiday Blues
Category: Depression
Created on Tuesday, 15 July 2014 19:10
Written by David Earl Johnson, MSW, LICSW
Hits: 703
The holiday season is such a joyous time of year. Colored lights adorn houses and business. Thoughts of holidays past fill our minds and conversations. But not everyone can enjoy the holiday season. Some of us inevitably find as the holidays approach what is called the "holiday blues". The holiday blues are quite common. We expect to enjoy ourselves during the holidays. Those around us expect we will enjoy holiday celebrations and their company as well. We feel that pressure within ourselves and others. But sometimes what we really need is acceptance of ourselves and others.
Read more: Surviving the Holiday Blues
Is Depressed the Same as Sad?
Category: Depression
Created on Sunday, 21 September 2014 18:09
Written by David Earl Johnson, MSW, LICSW
Hits: 73
Horwitz and Wakefield (2007) have released what may prove to be a highly influencial book titled The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow Into Depressive Disorder. The title implies that psychiatry transformed sadness into depression. It's an unfortunate catchy title that misleads the uninformed reader. Instead, the book explores in a scholarly way a fundamental principle upon which The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) was developed. A review of Horwitz and Wakefield (2007) by Andreea L. Seritan appeared in Am J Psychiatry 164 (11): 1764.
"The central thesis of this book is a persuasive argument that contemporary psychiatry confuses normal sadness with depressive mental disorder because it ignores the relationship between symptoms and the context from which they emerge. Although he remains cautious about the possibility of incorporating situational context into diagnostic criteria, Dr. Spitzer encourages psychiatrists to place this issue on the agenda for the upcoming formulation of DSM-V. The book's title is a reminder of the central role of loss as a potentially severe life stressor leading to depression, as well as of how modern psychiatry is being blindsided into extrapolating most states of sadness into depression.
In the first chapter, "The Concept of Depression," Drs. Horwitz and Wakefield address the move toward using descriptive criteria in diagnosing mental illness. In response to criticisms during the 1960s and 1970s about the lack of reliability of psychiatric diagnoses, DSM-III started using lists of symptoms to establish clear definitions for each disorder. The authors argue that this approach, while greatly increasing diagnostic reliability, has created new validity problems (p. 8). In the definition of major depressive disorder, DSM-III "fails to take into account the context of the symptoms and thus fails to exclude from the disorder category intense sadness, other than in reaction to death of a loved one, that arises from the way human beings naturally respond to major losses" (p. 14).
Chapter 2, "The Anatomy of Normal Sadness," discusses biologically based nonverbal expressions of grief, with emphasis on their universality across cultures and their presence in nonhuman primates and human infants prior to socialization into cultural emotional scripts (p. 39). Besides grief at the loss of a loved one, loss of meaningful relationships, loss of job or status, chronic stress, and disasters are listed as additional factors to be taken into account.
Chapters 3 and 4, "Sadness With and Without Cause" and "Depression in the Twentieth Century" are a historical review of descriptions of depressive states from ancient times to the present. Disordered sadness is considered "without cause" (or "endogenous" in later terminology), as opposed to sadness "with cause" (or "reactive" sadness), which arises in people who suffer losses. Robert Burton's classic work The Anatomy of Melancholy, published in 1621, was the first to describe the three major components of depression--mood, cognition, and physical symptoms--that are still viewed as its distinguishing features. In his seminal paper Mourning and Melancholia (1917), Freud made the same distinction between mourning due to conscious losses and melancholia due to the experience of unconscious losses. DSM-III eliminated psychodynamic etiologies, instead focusing on symptoms. In large epidemiological studies, such as the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study in the early 1980s, diagnosis was based on structured tools administered by trained nonpsychiatric interviewers. The authors argue that prevalence data was skewed and advocate for a more specific screening process, as well as careful use of subthreshold diagnoses, such as minor depression. Thoroughly documented, the first chapters caution readers about the limitations of psychiatric diagnosis. However, momentum is lost in the second half of the book.
Chapter 7, "The Surveillance of Sadness," makes assumptions about psychiatric treatment that are not supported by the literature. For example, it is suggested that in primary care, "diagnosis of a depressive disorder tends to quickly foreclose...discussions in the direction of medication" (p. 156). The recent avalanche of data from the Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) study suggests not only that depressed primary care patients prefer psychotherapy to medication when offered (1) but that therapy is successfully delivered in this setting, along with pharmacologic management (2).
In Chapter 8, "The DSM and Biological Research About Depression," the authors again overreach, selectively analyzing individual cardinal papers and doubting their "range of applicability" without turning to the multiple evidence- based studies available in the literature (p. 176). Although a poignant reflection on how the misapplication of psychiatric knowledge can decontextualize the lives of its patients, this book seems to miss the point that psychiatric care is a great deal more than diagnostic labeling. In practice, mental health professionals who do not rely exclusively on DSM-IV-TR use biopsychosocial formulations, viewing the individual in his or her context. Thus for many psychiatrists, treatment planning is informed by this comprehensive understanding of the person, and not solely by the description and duration of their symptoms."
Seritan has a point that many clinicians do not rely exclusively on the DSM for diagnosis. However, the classification model considered the gold standard for diagnosis DOES decontextualize diagnosis. That is a concern for training and continuing education. Given all the incentives in practice to base treatment on measurable criteria from malpractice claims, insurance payors and accreditation agencies, its very easy to slip into a comfortable criteria based practice that requires little emotional investment. Mulder wrote an article on an even more important point about diagnosis, titled An epidemic of depression or the medicalization of distress in Perspect Biol Med. 2008 Spring;51(2):238-50.
"The syndrome of major depression is widely regarded as a specific mental illness that has increased to the point where it will be second in the International Burden of Disease ranking by 2020. This article examines the assumption that major depression is a specific illness, that it is rapidly increasing, and that a medical response is justified. I argue that major depression is not a natural entity and does not identify a homogenous group of patients. The apparent increase in major depression results from: confusing those who are ill with those who share their symptoms; the surveying of symptoms out of context; the benefits that accrue from such a diagnosis to drug companies, researchers, and clinicians; and changing social constructions around sadness and distress. Standardized medical treatment of all these individuals is neither possible nor desirable. The major depression category should be replaced by a clinical staging strategy that acknowledges the continuous distribution of depressive symptoms. Trials that test social and lifestyle treatments as well as drugs and cognitive behavioral therapy across different levels of severity, chronicity, and symptom patterns might lead to the development of a coherent evidence-based stepped treatment model."
Mulder's point is that diagnosis is a academic exercise designed to communicate a cluster of symptoms among professional colleagues. It's a model of communication. The syndromes described have acquired meaning well beyond communication. Diagnostic labels have been elevated from theoretical constructs into real phenomena. Major depression includes a cluster of symptoms that is shared by many people who are not depressed. Wade Schuetteexpresses the apparent paradox of diagnosis as a prerequisite for treatment.
"If depression is largely an internal phenomenon, caused by genetics and bad wiring in the brain, that leads to one type of intervention - drugs and CBT. If depression is largely a social phenomenon, related to the well-documented collapse in social interaction documented by Putnam and the group at Duke, then personal intervention will simply deal with symptoms, and result in an ever growing prevalence of drug-dependent victims of social dysfunction - precisely the observation we find about the USA today."
The truth is all of these viewpoints have merit. Major Depression can be conceptualized and described in many ways, none of which are sufficient to explain the phenomena without considering all other viewpoints. Diagnostic categories are scientific models for communication. They are not readily amenable to measurable criteria because the concepts are complex and largely abstract constructs that fit a theory.
Sadness is an abstract concept designed to communicate a common human experience associated with grief and loss. I believe sadness is an emotion that is a critical component of a productive grief process that helps us survive and adapt to major loss. Sadness is normal and healthy. Major Depression may include sadness, maybe associated with loss, but it is a clinical syndrome that includes significant functional impairment, a loss of survival skills. Sadness is an emotional motivation that ENHANCES survival.